A typical night shift in the ER (details changed to protect me from the HIPAA-police).
A hallway full of people with varying levels of alcohol, each with similar colorful phrases to yell at the nurses, mostly rhyming with “trucking stitch.”
Several young children brought in for fevers. Tonight, all of them went home with diagnosis varying from viral illness, to upper respiratory illness, to otitis media. My intervention with all of them was limited to Motrin.
Then, in a flash, the night became much scarier, when the Priority one phone rang. I rushed over to answer it and plugged my other ear to listen for the story from the EMS. Apparently a ninety-two year old man had been found at the nursing home unconscious. By unconscious, I mean not breathing and also without a heartbeat. In medical terms, this is described as “bad.”
Per the EMS, whenever this happens the nursing staff there are required to start CPR and notify EMS. This struck me as quite odd, since usually (especially at nursing homes) patients often have advanced directives as to whether or not they are to be resuscitated or not. My suspicion is that this information may have not been 100% accurate, but in the ER, working with incomplete information is the norm.
The EMS did a fantastic job. They intubated (put a breathing tube) into the patient, started an IV, and began CPR. The man remained unresponsive and unconscious, but his heart beat and blood pressure did return as well. They also had limited information. How long was this man down? What past medical problems? What medications does he take? In such situations they do not have time to take a full history, they start CPR and bring the patient to us.
In transit, the gentleman coded again, meaning his heart stopped beating (again) and his blood pressure decreased to zero. His breathing stopped as well, but he was already intubated, thus the EMS were already breathing for him. Again they gave more epinephrine, atropine, and other strong medications, and again the patients heart began beating.
The patient came into the ER trauma bay and the staff immediately began attaching wires, IV line, and all of the apparatus so that we could evaluate him. Our knowledge of the patient was obviously the same as the EMS. On arrival he had a very weak, thready pulse. I called to our ICU physician and described the case while the nurses continued to attach devices.
The nurses continuously monitored the patient and found his heart had stopped yet again. We re-started CPR a third time, continuing with chest compressions, more STRONG IV medications, as well as defibrillating the gentleman when his cardiac rhythm showed Ventricular Tachycardia. We continued to try to “save” this man for quite a while. I did a bedside ultrasound on him, when I looked at his heart, it had no movement at all. He was finally pronounced dead.
Here comes the hard question. Was it better that we tried everything in our power to attempt to save this 92 year-old gentleman, or would it have been better to let him die peacefully in his sleep?
I do not attempt to know the answer to this question. I have seen some very spry 92 year olds, as well as some people that are in their 60′s that have end stage dementia, that no nothing of their surroundings and just live only because they have IV sites that keep them alive.
I have seen how destructive and invasive CPR can be, and how rarely it is effective. That being said, I have seen people brought back from the brink of death. Rarely. Very rarely.
I know more than one EMS worker who actually has a tattoo on their chest that reads DNR, which means “Do Not Rescusitate.” An interesting decision from an individual who often is required to rescusitate many patients.
Currently, in the US I am required to do everything in my power to save anyone and everyone that walks through the doors of my ER. In cases like this, I must definately try my best to save the patients life, until I have found that my efforts are futile. Personally, I find such interactions frustrating.
Every person must draw their own line. If this patient had a clear order for a “Do Not Rescusitate” maybe he would have died peacefully in his sleep. Maybe that’s the answer, or at least part of the answer. Every person in the US has to fill out an order what they want done if they require CPR every 10 years.
I don’t know what the answer is, nor what the future of US medicine holds, but I think it all starts with asking the right questions.
For me, these are some of the right questions:
How much should individuals be accountable for their own health? Overweight, Smokers, Alcoholics, Drug-users vs. healthy, active?
What age determines you to be elderly, or is it how healthy you are? Should you be declared a DNR once your health has deteriorated past a certain likelihood of meaningful recovery?
Will it take a nationwide shift in our approach to medicine as a whole to change for the better, or can the current system continue indefinately?
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